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Scaevola procera

Hillebr. (1888)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Asterales Family: Goodeniaceae Genus: Scaevola

naupaka kuahiwi

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Small trees or shrubs 1.5–3.5 m tall.

Stems:

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades oblanceolate,4–12.8 cm long, 2–5.1 cm wide. Apex acute. Base acuminate. Surfaces glabrous or glabrate. Margins usually toothed from apex to at least ½ their length. Petioles 1–1.5 cm long. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers (1–)3 in cymes 10–25 mm long, crowded near upper branchlets, peduncles 4–7 mm long, pedicels 2–7 mm long, subtended by paired bracteoles. Flowers bisexual (perfect), strongly irregular. Calyx 5–parted, minute. Corolla funnelform–unilabiate, 5–parted, the tube split adaxially, the lobes spreading, white with purple lines within, glabrous externally, pubescent within, the tube 12–17 mm long, the lobes 8–15 mm long, margins winged. Stamens 5, distinct, ± as long as corolla tube; anthers introrse, dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits, the pollen shed from the coherent anthers and collected by the indusium on the outgrowing style. Ovary inferior, ovoid, 2-celled; ovule placentation axile; style exserted and protruding through the adaxially split tube, curved abruptly downward near stigma,18–22 mm long; stigma 1–2-lobed.

Fruit: Fruit drupaceous; 2–celled; dark purplish black; ovoid; 5–7 mm long; 3–5 mm wide; glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Seeds 1 to numerous; with oily endosperm.

Ploidy: 2n = 16*

Habitat: Occurring in wet forest.

Elevation Range: (150–)700–1,400 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic
Molokai Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Fl. Hawaiian Isl.: 268 (1888)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:788 (K, Mo)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Scaevola procera Kokee, Waimea wet forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 13854 Kauai BISH 1933-12-28
2 Scaevola procera W side of ridge between Limahuli and Hanakapiai valleys, above waterfall Metrosideros, Antidesma, Cibotium, Dicranopteris Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 2652 Kauai BISH 1987-12-10
3 Scaevola procera Napali-Kona FR, Milolii Ridge, 0.4 mi from jct. with Makaha Ridge road strawberry guava, Rubus, Dodonaea, koa, ohia Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 2269 Kauai BISH 1967-08-03
4 Scaevola procera Nuololo, northern branch Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane wet forest, 80-95% closed, 8-12 m tall canopy, some emergent Metrosideros 20 m tall Psychotria mariniana, Santalum pyrularium, Bobea brevipes, Kadua affinis, Coprosma waimeae, Melicope barbigera, Dodonaea viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis, Sphenomeris chinensis, Doodia kunthiana, Dryopt Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 15687 Kauai BISH 2013-10-06
5 Scaevola procera Kilauea, Namahana Farms Subdivision. Secondary vegetation with relict natives. Ardisia, Psidium, Dicranopteris, Nephrolepis, Freycinetia. Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 6646 Kauai BISH 1999-11-10
6 Scaevola procera Kokee, Awaawapuhi Trail, mile 0-2 wet forest, then dry koa, Metrosideros forest Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6522 Kauai BISH 1970-07-17
7 Scaevola procera Kaluaaha, Maunaoluolu Ridge exotic shrubs, ohia, native trees; exposed Preserved_Specimen Jacobi, J.D. 1527 Molokai BISH 1979-07-11
8 Scaevola procera Hono O Na Pali NAR, Pohakea region, steep ridge above Hanakapiai Open Metrosideros mesic forest with adjacent transitional wet forest. W. Kadua affinis, Dicranopteris, Myrsine linearifolia, Scaevola procera, Xylosma hawaiiense, Cyrtandra paludosa, Lysimachia sp, Santalum pyrularium, Dubautia laevigata, Psychotria mariniana, Coprosma Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 14731 Kauai BISH 2011-07-28
9 Scaevola procera Milolii ridge, Waimea wet forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 13712 Kauai BISH 1933-12-27
10 Scaevola procera Waimea, Alakai Swamp, Kohua ridge wet ohia forest, native trees and shrubs, treeferns Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 3404 Kauai BISH 1981-05-16
11 Scaevola procera Waimea District. Kula NAR, Kula Valley, accessed from Nuololo Trail on north facing slope. Metrosideros - Acacia Mesic Forest with Cryptocarya, Wikstroemia furcata, Lobelia yuccoides, Psychotria mariana, Euphorbia atrococca, Nestegis, Melicope ovata, Kadua affnis, Pittosporum, Polyscias kavaiensis, Zanthoxylum, Leptecophylla Preserved_Specimen Tangalin, N. 2073 Kauai BISH 2009-07-01
12 Scaevola procera Kaunuohua Ridge between Kilohana Lookout at Puu o Kila and Pihea wet forest Preserved_Specimen Stern, W.L. 1235 Kauai BISH 1961-08-01
13 Scaevola procera Kokee, Kalalau Lookout, ridge forest edge Preserved_Specimen van Royen, P. 11761 Kauai BISH 1977-09-24
14 Scaevola procera Waimea District; Kohua Ridge, north facing slopes above Awini Stream Metrosideros-Acacia montane mesic forest with Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma platyphylla, eupohorbia atrococca, Claoxylong snadwicensis, Dracaena aurea, Polyscias kavaiensis, Planch Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 14976 Kauai BISH 2012-05-16
15 Scaevola procera road to Maunahui, Kaunakakai dry forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12624 Molokai BISH 1932-12-26
16 Scaevola procera Mohihi Valley edge of rainforest Preserved_Specimen Bryan Jr., E.H. 1450 Kauai BISH 1940-07-28
17 Scaevola procera Awaawapuhi Trail, Kokee Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 3347 Kauai BISH 1960-04-12
18 Scaevola procera Mohihi River, Waimea, Napali-Kona For. Res., open Metrosideros woods. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 19990 Kauai BISH 1939-02-12
19 Scaevola procera Honopu, Awaawapuhi Valley mesic forest Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 1582 Kauai BISH 1956-12-29
20 Scaevola procera Kokee forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7758 Kauai BISH 1926-06-23
21 Scaevola procera Kamakou, E Kawela Ridge, SW of Puu o Kaeha Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen Lorence, D.H. 5619 Molokai BISH 1987-10-21
22 Scaevola procera Honopu, Awaawapuhi Valley mesic forest Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 1582 Kauai BISH 1956-12-29
23 Scaevola procera Punaula Valley edge of forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12788 Molokai BISH 1932-12-28
24 Scaevola procera jeep road beyond Kamoku Flats, Kawela Uka Metrosideros, Dicranopteris, Sadleria Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 1253 Molokai BISH 1975-03-29
25 Scaevola procera crest of ridge, Alakai Swamp to Kokee tracking station Elaphaglossum hirta, Camphusia, Pelea, Sadleria, Perrottetia, Myrsine Preserved_Specimen Gillett, G.W. 1549 Kauai BISH 1964-04-11
26 Scaevola procera NW Waikolu Valley rain forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7750 Molokai BISH 1928-04-12
27 Scaevola procera Waimea District. Kaluapuhi Trail near southern trailhead. Wet forest, Corynocarpus laevigatus, Fragaria vesca, Ilex anomala, Korthalsella platycaula, Metrosidros polymorpha. Preserved_Specimen Sporck-Koehler, M. 7 Kauai BISH 2017-05-28
28 Scaevola procera Kalalau Lookout, head of Kalalau Valley Edge of Metrosideros forest. Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 41464 Kauai BISH 1961-03-11
29 Scaevola procera W side of ridge between Limahuli and Hanakapiai valleys, above waterfall Metrosideros, Antidesma, Cibotium, Dicranopteris, Pittosporum, Rubus Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 2678 Kauai BISH 1987-12-10
30 Scaevola procera Milolii Ridge, Waimea wet forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 13770 Kauai BISH 1933-12-27
31 Scaevola procera Waimea, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Waininina trail Preserved_Specimen Chock, A.K. 895 Kauai BISH 1953-08-10
32 Scaevola procera Waimea, road to Alakai Swamp Preserved_Specimen Chock, A.K. 400 Kauai BISH 1952-02-06
33 Scaevola procera trail, Nualolo ridge, Waimea Preserved_Specimen Chock, A.K. 396 Kauai BISH 1952-02-05
34 Scaevola procera Kokee, jct. with Halemanu Rd., near tracking station Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 4964 Kauai BISH 1983-08-26
35 Scaevola procera ridge opposite Robinson's Hanapepe Valley hous Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2617 Kauai BISH 1895-07-09
36 Scaevola procera Molokai Preserved_Specimen Rémy, J. 311 Molokai BISH 1851-01-01
37 Scaevola procera Kaholuamanu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 17102 Kauai BISH 1916-10-01
38 Scaevola procera Kokee, ~0.5 mi E of Kalalau Lookout Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 1034 Kauai BISH 1968-04-07
39 Scaevola procera Kamakou, trail from tunnel on E fork Intake to Puu Kolekole Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5438 Molokai BISH 1984-07-18
40 Scaevola procera W Waimea drainage basin Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1021 Kauai BISH 1917-07-03
41 Scaevola procera Kamoku Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 394 Molokai BISH 1916-06-05
42 Scaevola procera Mts. above Puu Kolekole Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 230 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
43 Scaevola procera Kaholuamanu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 17097 Kauai BISH 1916-10-01
44 Scaevola procera Waimea, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Mohihi road, Kawaikinana stream Preserved_Specimen Chock, A.K. 948 Kauai BISH 1953-08-17
45 Scaevola procera Makakupaia, ridge E of Onini Gulch Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 2942 Molokai BISH 1973-04-03
46 Scaevola procera Kaholuamanu Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 379 Kauai BISH 1909-09-01
47 Scaevola procera Kokee, ~0.5 mi E of Kalalau Lookout Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 1034 Kauai BISH 1968-04-07
48 Scaevola procera Kauai Preserved_Specimen Rémy, J. 312 Kauai BISH 1851-01-01
49 Scaevola procera Waimea, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Waininina trail Preserved_Specimen Chock, A.K. 895 Kauai BISH 1953-08-10
50 Scaevola procera Kalae Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 75 Molokai BISH 1912-06-01
51 Scaevola procera Winiha Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 124 Kauai BISH 1909-08-03
52 Scaevola procera back of Kamoku, ridge Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 6159 Molokai BISH 1910-11-23
53 Scaevola procera Kalalau trail Preserved_Specimen Kauai BISH 1926-07-04
54 Scaevola procera Kokee, ~0.5 mi E of Kalalau Lookout Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 1034 Kauai BISH 1968-04-07
55 Scaevola procera Kauai Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 6159 Kauai BISH 1909-09-24
56 Scaevola procera Puu o Kaeha; Kawela Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12529 Molokai BISH 1932-12-23
57 Scaevola procera Kamoku Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 564 Molokai BISH 1916-06-05
58 Scaevola procera Kamakou, trail from tunnel on E fork Intake to Puu Kolekole Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5439 Molokai BISH 1984-07-18
59 Scaevola procera Wailau trail, S side, near top Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 3383 Molokai BISH 1938-09-19
60 Scaevola procera Halemanu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 1587 Kauai BISH 1909-02-14
61 Scaevola procera Waimea, road to Alakai Swamp Preserved_Specimen Chock, A.K. 400 Kauai BISH 1952-02-06
62 Scaevola procera Kaluapuhi Trail, Kokee Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 2152 Kauai BISH 1971-09-22
63 Scaevola procera Wainiha Preserved_Specimen Faurie, A. 666 Kauai BISH 1910-01-01
64 Scaevola procera Pukoo Ridge Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 350 Molokai BISH 1912-04-01
65 Scaevola procera Halemanu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 1664 Kauai BISH 1909-02-14
66 Scaevola procera Kalamaula Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 571 Molokai BISH 1916-06-05
67 Scaevola procera jeep road to Kamoku Flats, from N Preserved_Specimen Crosby, M.R. 1632 Molokai BISH 1964-07-03
68 Scaevola procera Waioli Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 114 Kauai BISH 1909-08-02
69 Scaevola procera Kawela trail Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 3525 Molokai BISH 1938-09-22
70 Scaevola procera Between Kokee-Mohihi road and Lehua makanoe Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 2831 Kauai BISH 1938-08-12
71 Scaevola procera Kauai Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Kauai BISH
72 Scaevola procera Kumuwela Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Kauai BISH 1930-08-14
73 Scaevola procera Maunaoluolu, Kaluaaha, lower woods Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 19843 Molokai BISH 1938-12-28
74 Scaevola procera Kokee, Nualolo trail, ~1 mile from Lodge Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6502 Kauai BISH 1970-07-16
75 Scaevola procera Waialua Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 405 Molokai BISH 1912-08-01
76 Scaevola procera Kokee, slope, Awaawapuhi gulch Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5014 Kauai BISH 1983-08-28
77 Scaevola procera ridge opposite Robinson's Hanapepe Valley hous Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2617 Kauai BISH 1895-07-09
78 Scaevola procera Halemanu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 1667 Kauai BISH 1909-02-12
79 Scaevola procera Waimea, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Mohihi road between Waiakoali stream and river Preserved_Specimen Chock, A.K. 966 Kauai BISH 1953-08-17
80 Scaevola procera Awaawapuhi Trail Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. 236 Kauai BISH 1987-06-16
81 Scaevola procera Kokee, Nualolo trail, ~1 mile from Lodge Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6502 Kauai BISH 1970-07-16
82 Scaevola procera Waimea, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Mohihi road between Waiakoali stream and river Preserved_Specimen Chock, A.K. 966 Kauai BISH 1953-08-17
83 Scaevola procera Kauai Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Kauai BISH
84 Scaevola procera E Kawela Gulch Preserved_Specimen Russell, C.A. Molokai BISH 1987-10-22
85 Scaevola procera Kauai Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Kauai BISH 1916-10-01
86 Scaevola procera Halemanu Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Kauai BISH 1929-04-30
87 Scaevola procera Waikolu Valley, head and E rim Preserved_Specimen Kondo, Y. Molokai BISH 1962-06-18
88 Scaevola procera Kalalau trail Preserved_Specimen Kauai BISH 1926-07-04
89 Scaevola procera Pukoo Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 286 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
90 Scaevola procera Halemanu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 1513 Kauai BISH 1909-02-14
91 Scaevola procera Halemanu Preserved_Specimen MacDaniels, L.H. 753 Kauai BISH 1927-02-17
92 Scaevola procera Kokee, 1st Kalalau Lookout, near parking lot Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 111 Kauai BISH 1983-07-30
93 Scaevola procera Kawela trail Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 3524 Molokai BISH 1938-09-21
94 Scaevola procera Halemanu Preserved_Specimen Meebold, A. 26436 Kauai BISH 1938-11-01
95 Scaevola procera Waimea, Makaha Ridge road, 0.8 mi. W of Hwy. 550 Acacia koa, Metrosideros, Psychotria, Alphitonia Preserved_Specimen Lorence, D.H. 5559 Kauai BISH 1987-09-16
96 Scaevola procera road to Maunahui, Kaunakakai dry forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12624 Molokai BISH 1932-12-26
97 Scaevola procera Hanalei, upper Limahuli, Hanakapei ridge, to stream, above waterfall Metrosideros, Syzygium Preserved_Specimen Lorence, D.H. 5720 Kauai BISH 1987-12-10
98 Scaevola procera Hanalei District. Honopu, slopes around northern branch Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis mesic to transitional wet forest and drainage with Diplopterygium pinnatum, Sticherus owhyhensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Bobea brevipes, Ilex anomala, Wikstroemia furcata, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Polyscias waimeae, Melicope a Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 16421 Kauai BISH 2015-04-28
99 Scaevola procera Waimea District. Kokee State Park. Microwave dish site southeast of DOFAW mid elevation nursery site proposed expansion zone. Disturbed forest. W/Myrica, Psidium, Metrosideros, Dodonaea, Nestegis and Perrottetia Preserved_Specimen Williams, A. 8705 Kauai BISH 2016-12-09
100 Scaevola procera Punaula Valley edge of forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12788 Molokai BISH 1932-12-28
101 Scaevola procera Alakai Swamp, ridge dry, exposed Preserved_Specimen MacDaniels, L.H. 809 Kauai BISH 1927-02-17
102 Scaevola procera Waimea District. Waialae Mixed mesic forest W/ Metrosideros polymorpha var. glaberrima, Acacia koa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Dodonaea viscosa, Diospyros sandwicensis, Melicope barbigera, Euphorbia atrococca, Lysimachia kalalauensis, Hillebrandia sa Preserved_Specimen Walsh, S. 709 Kauai BISH 2019-05-08
103 Scaevola procera Napali-Kona FR, jeep road S of Alakai Swamp trail dry, ridge Preserved_Specimen Crosby, M.R. 2006 Kauai BISH 1964-08-12
104 Scaevola procera Kumuwela Ridge, Waimea moist forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 13804 Kauai BISH 1933-12-28
105 Scaevola procera Milolii Ridge, Waimea wet forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 13716 Kauai BISH 1933-12-27
106 Scaevola procera Kokee, Kumuwela ridge forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 21480 Kauai BISH 1951-12-30
107 Scaevola procera trail, ridge, E of Mapulehu Valley rain forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12896 Molokai BISH 1932-12-29
108 Scaevola procera ENE of Kokee; Ridge between Kauaikinana & Kawaikoi Valleys Common in open Metrosideros forest, choked with tangled Gleichenia on flat top of ridge. Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 64314 Kauai BISH 1984-03-31
109 Scaevola procera Kawela, ridge N of W fork of Gulch wet ohia forest, native trees and shrubs, treeferns Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 3892 Molokai BISH 1979-06-21
110 Scaevola procera Hanalei District. Lumahi, ridge climbing to west side along proposed middle fence-line. Metrosideros-Dicranopteris lowland wet ridge, 90% open forest of Metrosiderso polymorpha glaberrima w/ scattered individuals of Antidesma platyphylla, Syzygium sandwicensis, Myrsine lessertiana, Ilex anomala, Bobea elatior, Scaevola procera, Psy Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 17493 Kauai BISH 2017-08-02
111 Scaevola procera road to Waikolu Valley lookout, water reservoir Metrosideros, Gouldia, Cyperus Preserved_Specimen Spence, G. 113 Molokai BISH 1972-11-27
112 Scaevola procera Kainalu, Pukoo West open forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 20125 Molokai BISH 1949-08-02
113 Scaevola procera Wahiawa Valley, trail to Kahili Bog wet forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 13594 Kauai BISH 1933-12-24
114 Scaevola procera Kamokou Preserve, stream near Pu`u o Kaeha, East Moloka`i. Streamside in montane wet Metrosideros forest. Preserved_Specimen Pratt, L.W. 1235 Molokai BISH 1982-05-29
115 Scaevola procera Kalaupapa NHP, plateau W of Ohialele, Puu Alii 3 Forested plateau, Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane wet forest Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 11367 Molokai BISH 2005-05-24
116 Scaevola procera Mohihi River, road, Kokee open forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 21743 Kauai BISH 1952-01-12
117 Scaevola procera Ridge west of Puu Kolekole In open `ohi`a forest with Dodonaea, Wikstroemia, Hedyotis centranthoides, and Rubus hawaiensis. Preserved_Specimen Davis, J. 742 Molokai BISH 1982-05-19
118 Scaevola procera Kalalau Lookout, above Kokee Common. Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 59498 Kauai BISH 1980-03-03
119 Scaevola procera Napali-Kona FR, Makaha Valley, N of Ridge road, W of Kokio-keokeo picnic area Acacia, Dodonaea, Styphelia, Dianella Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 2192 Kauai BISH 1987-05-15
120 Scaevola procera Kawela Gulch, Kawela Moist wooded gulch. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 19897 Molokai BISH 1938-12-30
121 Scaevola procera Kokee stream, mauka of Waipoo Falls open forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 21520 Kauai BISH 1952-01-03
122 Scaevola procera Waimea District; approximately 0.75 mi from trailhead montane wet forest; metrosideros polymorpha, leptecophylla tamelameiae, dicranopteris linearis, diplopteryglum pinnatum korthalsella sp., machaerina sp., cheirodendron sp., hedychium gardnerianum, sadleria sp, rubus Preserved_Specimen Wolkis, D. 1118 Kauai BISH 2016-07-13
123 Scaevola procera Kalalau Lookout mixed forest Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 3705 Kauai BISH 1961-08-09
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